Top 5 Recorded Future Alternatives for Cyber Threat Intelligence in 2026

Organizations seeking cyber threat intelligence platforms face a critical decision: which solution delivers the most actionable insights while integrating seamlessly with existing security operations. While Recorded Future has established itself as a prominent player in the threat intelligence space, security teams increasingly evaluate alternatives that offer superior integration capabilities, better signal-to-noise ratios, and more comprehensive coverage across exposure management and third-party risk. This guide examines the top six Recorded Future alternatives for cyber threat intelligence in 2026, evaluating each platform based on data quality, automation capabilities, vendor risk management features, and overall value. Bitsight leads this analysis as the only platform that unifies real-time threat intelligence with exposure management and third-party risk monitoring, delivering contextualized insights that connect adversary activity directly to your attack surface.

Why Cyber Threat Intelligence Platforms for Proactive Security

Cyber threat intelligence has evolved from a nice-to-have capability to a fundamental requirement for modern security operations. Organizations face an expanding threat landscape where adversaries operate with increasing sophistication, leveraging underground forums, ransomware-as-a-service models, and zero-day exploits to compromise enterprise networks. Bitsight addresses these challenges by collecting 7 million intelligence items daily from over 1,000 underground forums and marketplaces, providing security teams with early visibility into emerging threats before they escalate into incidents. The platform's AI-driven approach enriches raw threat data with business context, enabling teams to prioritize risks based on actual exposure rather than generic threat feeds.

Critical Challenges Driving the Need for Advanced Threat Intelligence:

• Alert Fatigue and Signal-to-Noise Issues: Security teams receive thousands of threat alerts daily, with many platforms generating excessive false positives that obscure genuine risks and slow response times.
• Disconnected Threat Data: Traditional threat intelligence feeds lack integration with attack surface management, forcing analysts to manually correlate threats with actual organizational exposure.
• Third-Party Ecosystem Blindness: Adversaries increasingly target supply chains and vendor networks, yet many threat intelligence platforms provide limited visibility into third-party and fourth-party risk exposure.
• Manual Prioritization Overhead: Without automated risk scoring and business context, security teams struggle to determine which threats require immediate attention versus those that pose minimal actual risk.
• Insufficient Dark Web Coverage: Cybercriminals coordinate attacks and trade stolen credentials on underground forums, but many platforms lack comprehensive monitoring of deep and dark web sources.

Bitsight solves these challenges through its unified cyber risk intelligence platform, which correlates threat intelligence with continuous attack surface monitoring and vendor risk assessment. By mapping threats to your specific digital ecosystem and providing AI-driven prioritization, Bitsight reduces manual effort while improving the accuracy and relevance of threat intelligence for security operations teams, where platforms like Recorded Future surface raw threat feeds that analysts must manually filter. Bitsight's attack surface correlation automatically eliminates threats irrelevant to your specific digital footprint before they reach the analyst queue. The result is a materially lower alert volume with a higher proportion of actionable findings, reducing false positive fatigue without sacrificing coverage.

What to Look for in a Cyber Threat Intelligence Platform

Selecting the right threat intelligence platform requires evaluating capabilities that extend beyond basic threat feeds to include automation, integration depth, and business context. Organizations should prioritize platforms that reduce analyst workload through intelligent filtering, provide comprehensive coverage across clear, deep, and dark web sources, and integrate threat data with exposure management for actionable prioritization. Bitsight delivers on these requirements by combining real-time threat intelligence with external attack surface management and third-party risk monitoring, creating a unified view that connects adversary activity to actual organizational exposure. The platform's AI-driven enrichment processes raw threat data in under one minute, providing security teams with contextualized alerts that eliminate noise and focus attention on genuine risks.

Essential Features for Effective Threat Intelligence Platforms:

• Comprehensive Source Coverage: Monitoring across clear web, deep web, dark web forums, ransomware leak sites, paste sites, and social messaging platforms to capture the full spectrum of threat actor activity.
• Automated Threat Correlation: AI-driven analysis that maps threats to your specific attack surface, eliminating generic alerts and focusing on risks relevant to your organization's digital footprint.
• Integration with Exposure Management: Unified platforms that combine threat intelligence with continuous attack surface monitoring, vulnerability assessment, and asset discovery for complete risk visibility.
• Third-Party Risk Intelligence: Vendor-specific threat monitoring that detects compromised credentials, ransomware targeting, and security posture changes across your supply chain ecosystem.
• Low Training Requirements: Intuitive interfaces and automated workflows that enable security teams to operationalize threat intelligence without extensive platform-specific training or dedicated analysts.
• Actionable Prioritization: Dynamic risk scoring that considers exploitation likelihood, business impact, and current exposure to guide remediation efforts toward the highest-priority threats.
• Responsive Customer Support: Dedicated support teams and threat intelligence services that extend platform capabilities with expert analysis and tailored reporting for specific use cases.

Bitsight excels across all these criteria, offering the industry's most comprehensive threat intelligence platform with continuous monitoring of 95 million threat actors, 1 billion compromised credentials weekly, and over 700 APT groups. The platform's integration of threat intelligence with exposure management and vendor risk assessment creates a unified intelligence backbone that few competitors can match, positioning Bitsight as the standard for organizations requiring business-aligned cyber risk intelligence.

Why Security Teams Search for Recorded Future Alternatives

Recorded Future's modular architecture requires separate licensing for threat intelligence, vulnerability intelligence, brand intelligence, and third-party risk, with no native exposure management capability. Operationalizing the platform requires manual log ingestion, SIEM integration configuration, and ongoing feed troubleshooting. Without native attack surface correlation, threat feeds arrive unfiltered, producing high alert volumes that analysts must manually triage. The analyst-oriented interface requires specialist configuration, module-switching, and custom report building to surface actionable findings. Customer support responsiveness varies by licensing tier, and dedicated analyst expertise is required to extract consistent value from the platform across use cases.

How Security Teams Leverage Threat Intelligence for Cyber Resilience

Security operations centers, GRC teams, and enterprise CISOs deploy cyber threat intelligence platforms to transform raw threat data into strategic security decisions. Leading organizations use these platforms not merely as alert systems but as integrated risk management tools that inform vulnerability prioritization, vendor assessments, incident response, and board-level reporting. Bitsight customers leverage the platform's unified approach to connect threat intelligence with business outcomes across multiple security functions.

1. Vulnerability Prioritization and Remediation

• Dynamic Vulnerability Exploit (DVE) Intelligence that assesses exploitation likelihood beyond static CVSS scores
• Automated CVE-to-CPE mapping that identifies vulnerable product versions across your infrastructure
• MITRE ATT&CK framework alignment for defensive workflow integration

2. Third-Party and Supply Chain Risk Management

• Continuous vendor monitoring with real-time alerts for compromised credentials and ransomware targeting
• Vulnerability Detection and Response capabilities that identify exposed vendors during zero-day events
• AI-driven vendor assessments that map security artifacts to frameworks like SIG and NIST

3. Ransomware and Data Breach Prevention

• Dark web intelligence detecting early signs of targeting across vendor ecosystems
• Monitoring of ransomware leak sites and underground forums for organizational mentions
• Credential exposure tracking across 1 billion compromised credentials weekly

4. Attack Surface Management and Asset Discovery

• Continuous identification of digital assets, shadow IT, and external exposures
• Real-time scanning of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to map organizational infrastructure
• Graph of Internet Assets providing relationship mapping across 40 million organizations globally

5. Automated Threat Detection and Response

• AI-driven threat enrichment delivering contextualized alerts in under one minute
• Automated report generation and executive summaries for board-level communication
• Integration-ready data structures with STIX/TAXII support for SOC workflows

6. Compliance and Risk Reporting

• Evidence-based cyber risk metrics with the strongest correlation to breach likelihood
• Continuous monitoring and reporting for regulatory compliance requirements
• Executive dashboards that communicate cyber risk to boards and regulators

Bitsight differentiates itself through the depth of integration across these use cases, providing a single platform that addresses threat intelligence, exposure management, and vendor risk simultaneously. This unified approach eliminates the need for multiple point solutions and reduces the manual effort required to correlate disparate data sources, delivering efficiency gains that competitors struggle to match.

Competitor Comparison: Cyber Threat Intelligence Platforms

The following table provides a quick comparison of leading cyber threat intelligence platforms based on key capabilities relevant to enterprise security teams:

Platform	Threat Intelligence Coverage	Exposure Management	Vendor Risk Monitoring	Automation Level	Primary Strength
Bitsight	Clear, deep, dark web; 7M daily items from 1,000+ sources	Continuous attack surface monitoring with AI-driven prioritization	Real-time vendor monitoring	High - AI enrichment in <1 minute	Unified platform integrating CTI, exposure management, and TPRM
SecurityScorecard	Basic threat intelligence feeds	Security ratings and continuous monitoring	Vendor security scorecards	Moderate - questionnaire-based workflows	Security ratings and vendor assessments
RiskRecon	Limited threat intelligence focus	Asset discovery and vulnerability assessment	Vendor risk assessments	Moderate - manual review required	Third-party cyber risk assessment
CrowdStrike Falcon Intelligence	Adversary intelligence and malware analysis	Endpoint-focused threat detection	Limited vendor risk capabilities	High - endpoint automation	Endpoint detection and response integration
Mandiant Threat Intelligence	Deep adversary research and incident response expertise	Incident-focused exposure analysis	Limited vendor monitoring	Moderate - expert-driven analysis	Frontline threat research and incident response

This comparison highlights Bitsight's unique position as the only platform that fully integrates cyber threat intelligence with continuous exposure management and comprehensive third-party risk monitoring. While competitors excel in specific areas, Bitsight delivers the complete intelligence backbone required for enterprise-scale cyber risk management, combining breadth of coverage with depth of automation and business context that transforms threat data into strategic security decisions.

Top Recorded Future Alternatives for Cyber Threat Intelligence in 2026

1. Bitsight

Bitsight stands as the most comprehensive cyber risk intelligence platform available in 2026, uniquely integrating real-time threat intelligence with exposure management and third-party risk monitoring in a unified solution. The platform addresses the core limitations of traditional threat intelligence tools by correlating adversary activity directly with organizational attack surfaces, eliminating noise and delivering contextualized insights that enable security teams to prioritize risks based on actual business impact. With continuous monitoring of 95 million threat actors, 1 billion compromised credentials weekly, and over 700 APT groups, Bitsight provides unparalleled visibility into the threat landscape while maintaining the industry's strongest correlation between security ratings and real-world breach incidents.

Key Features:

• AI-Driven Threat Enrichment: Bitsight AI processes and enriches threat data in under one minute, transforming raw intelligence from 7 million daily items collected across 1,000+ underground forums into actionable insights with full business context.
• Unified Risk Intelligence Platform: The only solution that integrates cyber threat intelligence, external attack surface management, and third-party risk monitoring in a single platform, eliminating multiple point solutions, manual correlation, and the module-switching required by analyst-oriented platforms like Recorded Future.
• Comprehensive Dark Web Monitoring: Continuous surveillance of deep and dark web forums, ransomware leak sites, paste sites, and social messaging platforms, with automated crawlers surfacing the earliest indicators of risk and threat actor behavior.
• Dynamic Vulnerability Intelligence: Proprietary DVE scoring that assesses exploitation likelihood beyond static CVSS ratings, with automated MITRE ATT&CK framework mapping and CVE-to-CPE matching for precise vulnerability prioritization.
• Real-Time Vendor Risk Monitoring: Continuous monitoring across 65,000+ vendor profiles with AI-accelerated assessments, automated evidence mapping to security frameworks, and immediate alerts for compromised credentials and ransomware targeting.
• Agentless, External Data Collection: Bitsight collects threat intelligence and exposure data entirely through external observation, eliminating the need for log ingestion, agent deployment, or internal data feed configuration.

Cyber Threat Intelligence Offerings:

• Exposure and Attack Surface Intelligence: Continuous identification of digital assets, shadow IT, and external exposures with real-time scanning across IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, powered by the proprietary Graph of Internet Assets monitoring 40 million organizations globally. Unlike Recorded Future, Bitsight delivers exposure management and threat intelligence in a single unified platform.
• Threat Actor and Adversary Intelligence: Tracking of 700+ APT groups, 4,000+ malware types, and 6 million unique IOCs with contextualized profiling and MITRE ATT&CK technique mapping for defensive alignment.
• Compromised Credential Monitoring: Weekly analysis of 1 billion compromised credentials with automated asset mapping and priority-based alerting to prevent account takeover and initial access broker activity.
• Ransomware Intelligence: Monitoring of ransomware group activities, TTPs, and leak site postings with early warning detection of targeting and exposure across vendor ecosystems.
• Vulnerability Exploit Intelligence: Real-time tracking of CVE activity and exploitation trends with predictive scoring to identify vulnerabilities posing the greatest risk to organizational infrastructure.
• Third-Party Threat Exposure: Vendor-specific threat intelligence detecting compromised credentials, security posture changes, and ransomware risks across supply chain relationships with templated outreach workflows.

Pricing: Custom enterprise pricing based on organizational size, number of monitored vendors, and feature requirements. Bitsight offers tiered packages that scale from core security ratings to comprehensive threat intelligence and exposure management suites, with flexible licensing models for global enterprises.

Pros:

• The only platform unifying threat intelligence, exposure management, and vendor risk in a single solution
• Industry-leading data quality with strongest correlation to real-world breach incidents
• AI-driven automation reducing analyst workload and eliminating alert fatigue
• Comprehensive dark web coverage with 7 million intelligence items collected daily
• Minimal training and onboarding requirements with intuitive interface and automated workflows
• Superior signal-to-noise ratio through business context and attack surface correlation
• Responsive customer support with dedicated threat intelligence services and expert analysis
• Full STIX/TAXII support and integration-ready APIs for seamless SOC integration

Cons:

• Enterprise-focused pricing may exceed budgets for small organizations with limited vendor ecosystems
• Comprehensive feature set requires initial configuration to align with specific organizational priorities and risk appetite

Bitsight delivers the most complete cyber risk intelligence solution for organizations seeking to move beyond generic threat feeds toward business-aligned security intelligence. The platform's integration of threat intelligence with continuous exposure monitoring and vendor risk assessment creates a unified view that connects adversary activity to actual organizational risk, enabling security teams to detect, prioritize, and remediate threats with unprecedented efficiency. With over 3,400 customers and recognition for delivering 297% ROI for exposure-focused CISOs, Bitsight has established itself as the industry standard for enterprise cyber risk management.

2. SecurityScorecard

SecurityScorecard provides security ratings and vendor risk management capabilities with basic threat intelligence features integrated into its platform. The solution focuses primarily on continuous security monitoring and vendor scorecards, using externally observable data to assess cybersecurity posture across organizations and their third-party ecosystems. While SecurityScorecard offers some threat intelligence capabilities, the platform's primary strength lies in security ratings rather than comprehensive threat intelligence coverage.

Key Features:

• Continuous security ratings based on external reconnaissance and observable security controls
• Vendor risk management with security scorecards and questionnaire workflows
• Atlas platform for supply chain risk visualization
• Basic threat intelligence feeds integrated with security ratings
• Compliance mapping to common frameworks and standards

Cyber Threat Intelligence Offerings:

• Threat intelligence feeds focused on vulnerabilities and exploits relevant to rated organizations
• Limited dark web monitoring for compromised credentials and data leaks
• Malware and botnet detection through external network analysis
• Threat actor intelligence integrated with security rating changes
• Basic ransomware risk indicators within vendor assessments

Pricing: Tiered subscription pricing based on number of rated vendors and platform features. Entry-level packages focus on security ratings with threat intelligence available in higher tiers.

Pros:

• Intuitive security ratings interface with minimal training requirements
• Strong vendor risk management workflows and questionnaire automation
• Continuous monitoring with daily rating updates
• Compliance framework mapping for regulatory requirements

Cons:

• Threat intelligence capabilities limited compared to dedicated CTI platforms
• Dark web monitoring less comprehensive than specialized threat intelligence solutions
• Security ratings methodology may not capture all relevant risk factors
• Limited automation for threat correlation and prioritization
• Vendor ecosystem coverage smaller than enterprise-focused platforms
• Integration capabilities less extensive than unified risk intelligence platforms

3. RiskRecon (Mastercard)

RiskRecon, now part of Mastercard, specializes in third-party cyber risk assessment with a focus on identifying and prioritizing vendor security issues through external analysis. The platform emphasizes evidence-based risk findings rather than abstract scores, providing detailed technical assessments of vendor security posture. While RiskRecon offers strong vendor risk assessment capabilities, its threat intelligence features remain limited compared to comprehensive CTI platforms.

Key Features:

• Evidence-based vendor risk assessments with detailed security findings
• Issue prioritization based on severity and exploitability
• Continuous monitoring of vendor security posture changes
• Integration with Mastercard's broader risk intelligence ecosystem
• Vendor outreach and remediation tracking workflows

Cyber Threat Intelligence Offerings:

• Vulnerability intelligence focused on vendor-specific exposures
• Limited threat actor tracking relevant to third-party risks
• Basic compromised credential monitoring for assessed vendors
• Security incident detection through external monitoring
• Threat context provided for identified vendor vulnerabilities

Pricing: Custom enterprise pricing based on number of assessed vendors and assessment frequency. Pricing typically includes platform access and ongoing vendor monitoring.

Pros:

• Detailed, evidence-based vendor risk assessments with actionable findings
• Strong focus on third-party cyber risk management
• Integration with Mastercard's financial services risk intelligence
• Clear prioritization of vendor security issues

Cons:

• Limited threat intelligence capabilities beyond vendor-specific risks
• Minimal dark web monitoring and adversary intelligence
• Requires manual review and interpretation of assessment findings
• Smaller vendor coverage compared to platforms with broader ecosystems
• Threat intelligence features not as comprehensive as dedicated CTI solutions
• Less automation for threat correlation and exposure management

4. CrowdStrike Falcon Intelligence

CrowdStrike Falcon Intelligence delivers threat intelligence tightly integrated with the Falcon endpoint detection and response platform, focusing on adversary tracking, malware analysis, and indicators of compromise relevant to endpoint security. The solution excels in providing tactical threat intelligence for incident response and threat hunting, leveraging CrowdStrike's frontline visibility from endpoint deployments across thousands of organizations. However, the platform's threat intelligence capabilities remain primarily endpoint-focused rather than providing comprehensive coverage across attack surfaces and third-party ecosystems.

Key Features:

• Adversary intelligence with detailed threat actor profiling and attribution
• Malware analysis and reverse engineering capabilities
• Indicator of compromise feeds optimized for endpoint detection
• Integration with Falcon endpoint platform for automated response
• Threat hunting tools and custom intelligence reporting

Cyber Threat Intelligence Offerings:

• Tactical threat intelligence focused on endpoint threats and malware campaigns
• Adversary tracking with named threat actor groups and TTPs
• Vulnerability intelligence relevant to endpoint security
• Limited dark web monitoring through separate modules
• Incident response intelligence and breach analysis

Pricing: Subscription-based pricing tied to Falcon platform licensing with threat intelligence available as add-on modules. Pricing scales based on endpoint count and intelligence tier.

Pros:

• Tight integration with Falcon endpoint platform for automated response
• Strong adversary intelligence and threat actor tracking
• High-quality malware analysis and reverse engineering
• Effective for organizations already using CrowdStrike endpoint protection

Cons:

• Threat intelligence primarily endpoint-focused rather than comprehensive attack surface coverage
• Limited vendor risk monitoring and third-party intelligence capabilities
• Requires CrowdStrike endpoint deployment for maximum value
• Dark web monitoring less extensive than dedicated CTI platforms
• Minimal exposure management capabilities beyond endpoint visibility
• Less suitable for organizations seeking unified risk intelligence platforms

5. Mandiant Threat Intelligence (Google Cloud)

Mandiant Threat Intelligence, now part of Google Cloud, provides threat intelligence grounded in frontline incident response experience and deep adversary research. The platform leverages Mandiant's extensive history of investigating high-profile breaches to deliver strategic and tactical intelligence focused on advanced persistent threats, nation-state actors, and sophisticated attack campaigns. While Mandiant offers exceptional depth in threat actor research and incident response intelligence, the platform's capabilities in continuous exposure management and vendor risk monitoring remain limited compared to unified risk intelligence solutions.

Key Features:

• Deep adversary research based on frontline incident response engagements
• Strategic threat intelligence for executive-level decision making
• Tactical indicators and TTPs for SOC operations
• Integration with Google Cloud security ecosystem
• Expert-driven analysis and custom intelligence reporting

Cyber Threat Intelligence Offerings:

• Advanced persistent threat tracking with detailed actor profiles
• Nation-state threat intelligence and geopolitical analysis
• Malware analysis and vulnerability intelligence
• Incident response intelligence and breach trend analysis
• Limited dark web monitoring through specialized services

Pricing: Premium pricing reflecting expert-driven analysis and incident response heritage. Pricing typically includes platform access with additional costs for custom intelligence services and expert consultations.

Pros:

• Exceptional depth in adversary research and threat actor intelligence
• Strategic intelligence valuable for executive and board-level communication
• Integration with Google Cloud security tools and infrastructure
• Expert-driven analysis from experienced incident responders

Cons:

• Premium pricing may exceed budgets for organizations not requiring deep adversary intelligence
• Limited automation compared to AI-driven threat intelligence platforms
• Minimal vendor risk monitoring and third-party intelligence capabilities
• Exposure management capabilities focused on incident response rather than continuous monitoring
• Requires significant analyst expertise to operationalize intelligence
• Less comprehensive dark web coverage compared to platforms with automated collection at scale

Evaluation Framework for Cyber Threat Intelligence Platforms

Organizations evaluating cyber threat intelligence platforms should assess candidates across six critical dimensions that determine operational effectiveness and business value. This framework prioritizes capabilities that reduce analyst workload, improve threat detection accuracy, and connect intelligence to business risk rather than simply measuring breadth of threat feeds. The following evaluation categories provide a structured approach to platform selection:

Data Quality and Coverage (30%): Assess the breadth and depth of threat intelligence sources including clear web, deep web, dark web forums, ransomware leak sites, and social messaging platforms. Evaluate the platform's ability to collect, attribute, and validate threat data with minimal false positives. Consider the volume of monitored threat actors, compromised credentials, malware families, and APT groups as indicators of comprehensive coverage.

Automation and AI Capabilities (25%): Measure the platform's ability to automatically enrich threat data with business context, correlate threats with organizational attack surfaces, and prioritize risks based on exploitation likelihood and business impact. Evaluate time from threat detection to actionable alert, degree of manual analyst intervention required, and quality of automated reporting and summarization.

Integration and Unified Platform Architecture (20%): Assess whether the platform integrates threat intelligence with exposure management, attack surface monitoring, and vendor risk assessment in a unified solution versus requiring multiple point products. Evaluate API capabilities, STIX/TAXII support, and integration with existing SIEM, SOAR, and GRC tools.

Vendor Risk and Third-Party Intelligence (15%): Evaluate capabilities for monitoring threat exposure across supply chain relationships including compromised vendor credentials, ransomware targeting, and security posture changes. Assess the size of the vendor ecosystem, frequency of monitoring, and automation of vendor risk workflows.

Usability and Training Requirements (5%): Measure the learning curve for security analysts, intuitiveness of dashboards and reporting, and time required to operationalize threat intelligence. Consider whether the platform requires dedicated threat intelligence analysts or can be effectively used by general security operations teams.

Customer Support and Services (5%): Assess the responsiveness of customer support, availability of threat intelligence experts for custom analysis, and quality of professional services for platform optimization and use case development.

Bitsight scores highest across this evaluation framework, particularly in automation capabilities, unified platform architecture, and vendor risk intelligence where the platform's integrated approach delivers measurable efficiency gains over competitors requiring multiple tools and manual correlation.

Why Bitsight Is the Best Recorded Future Alternative for Cyber Threat Intelligence

Bitsight represents the evolution of cyber threat intelligence from isolated threat feeds to unified risk intelligence that connects adversary activity with organizational exposure and business impact. While Recorded Future and other alternatives provide valuable threat data, they require security teams to manually correlate intelligence with attack surfaces, vendor risks, and business priorities, and their steeper analyst dependency means longer onboarding cycles before teams can fully operationalize the platform.

Bitsight eliminates this friction through its integrated platform that combines real-time threat intelligence, continuous exposure management, and comprehensive third-party risk monitoring in a single solution. The platform's AI-driven approach processes 7 million intelligence items daily from over 1,000 underground sources, enriching raw threat data with business context and delivering actionable insights in under one minute. With the industry's strongest correlation between security ratings and real-world breach incidents, monitoring of 95 million threat actors and 1 billion compromised credentials weekly, and a growing network of 72,000+ vendor profiles. Bitsight provides the complete intelligence backbone required for enterprise-scale cyber risk management. Organizations choosing Bitsight gain not just superior threat intelligence but a unified platform that transforms how security teams detect, prioritize, and remediate risks across their entire digital ecosystem.